Chance to Start Over Again Fanfiction

Type of fiction created by fans of the original subject

Fan fiction or fanfiction (also abbreviated to fan fic, fanfic, fic or FF) is fictional writing written in an amateur chapters by fans, unauthorized by, but based on an existing work of fiction. The author uses copyrighted characters, settings, or other intellectual properties from the original creator(south) as a footing for their writing. Fan fiction ranges from a couple of sentences to an entire novel, and fans tin can retain the creator'southward characters and settings and/or add their own. Information technology is a form of fan labor. Fan fiction tin can be based on whatever fictional (and occasional non-fictional) subject. Common bases for fan fiction include novels, movies, musical groups, cartoons, anime, manga, and video games.

Fan fiction is rarely deputed or authorized past the original piece of work's creator or publisher and is rarely professionally published. It may infringe on the original author's copyright, depending on the jurisdiction and on legal questions such as whether or not it qualifies as "fair use" (meet Legal issues with fan fiction). Attitudes of authors and copyright owners of original works to fan fiction have ranged from indifference to encouragement to rejection. Copyright owners accept occasionally responded with legal action.

The term came into apply in the 20th century as copyright laws began to delineate betwixt stories using established characters that were authorized past the copyright holder and those that were not.^[ane]

Fan fiction is defined by being related to its subject's canonical fictional universe, either staying within those boundaries only non existence of the canon itself, or else branching outside of it into an culling universe.^[two] Thus, what is "fanon" is split from what is catechism. Fan fiction is frequently written and published within circles of fans, and therefore would normally not cater to readers who take no noesis of the original fiction.

Definition [edit]

The term fan fiction has been used in print as early as 1939; in this earliest known citation, it is used in a disparaging way to refer to amateurish science fiction (equally opposed to "pro fiction").^[three] The term also appears in the 1944 Fancyclopedia, an encyclopedia of fandom jargon. It is divers there as "fiction almost fans, or sometimes about pros, and occasionally bringing in some famous characters from [science fiction] stories". The volume also mentions that the term is "sometimes improperly used to hateful fan scientific discipline fiction, that is, ordinary fantasy published in a fan magazine".^{[3] [4]}

History [edit]

Before copyright [edit]

Before the adoption of copyright in the mod sense, it was non unusual for authors to re-create characters, if not entire plots. For instance, Shakespeare's plays Romeo and Juliet, Much Ado About Aught, Othello, Every bit You lot Like It and The Winter'southward Tale were all based on relatively recent fiction by other authors.^[five]

in 1614 Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda wrote a sequel to Cervantes' Don Quijote, earlier Cervantes finished and published his own second volume.

19th century [edit]

Amid 19th-century literature discipline to notable depictions not initially authorized by the original author, is included Bram Stoker'southward Dracula 's depiction in the translated adaptation Powers of Darkness.^[6] The works of Jane Austen remain one of the most popular works to make unauthorized depictions of,^[seven] with 1 notable Jane Austen fan fiction being Old Friends and New Fancies. Many unauthorized stories of Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle accept been created, including The Risk of the Two Collaborators by J. Yard. Barrie.^[8] Also created has been The Space Machine based on The State of war of the Worlds and Morlock Dark based on The Time Machine past H. G. Wells; A New Alice in the Sometime Wonderland based on Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll; and Wide Sargasso Sea based on Jane Eyre past Charlotte Bronte.^[9]

Star Expedition fandom [edit]

The Star Trek fanzine Spockanalia contained the starting time fan fiction in the modern sense of the term.

The modern miracle of fan fiction as an expression of fandom and fan interaction was popularized and defined via Star Trek fandom and their fanzines published in the 1960s. The first Star Trek fanzine, Spockanalia (1967), contained some fan fiction; many others followed its example.^{[10] : 1} These fanzines were produced via offset printing and mimeography, and mailed to other fans or sold at scientific discipline fiction conventions for a small fee to help recoup costs. Unlike other aspects of fandom, women dominated fan fiction authoring; 83% of Star Trek fan fiction authors were female by 1970, and 90% by 1973.^[11] One scholar states that fan fiction "fill[s] the need of a mostly female audience for fictional narratives that expand the boundary of the official source products offered on the goggle box and moving-picture show screen."^[12]

World Wide Spider web [edit]

Fan fiction has become more popular and widespread since the advent of the Globe Wide Web. Co-ordinate to ane estimate, fan fiction comprises one-third of all content about books on the web.^[13] In addition to traditional fanzines and conventions, Usenet group electronic mailing lists were established for fan fiction besides as fan discussion. Online, searchable fan fiction archives were besides established. The online athenaeum were initially non-commercial hand-tended and fandom, or topic, specific. These athenaeum were followed past non-commercial automated databases. In 1998, the non-for-turn a profit site FanFiction.Net came online, which allowed anyone to upload content in whatsoever fandom.^[xiv] The power to self-publish fan fiction at an easily accessible common archive that did not require insider knowledge to join, and the ability to review the stories directly on the site, became popular quite quickly.^[xv] I popular example of modern fan fiction is E. L. James' Fifty Shades of Greyness. This serial was originally written as fan fiction for the Twilight serial of books and movies and played off the characters of Bella and Edward. In gild to not infringe on copyright issues, James inverse the character names to Ana and Christian for the purposes of her novels,^[16] which is a practice known as 'pulling-to-publish'.^[17] Anna Todd'due south 2013 fan fiction After about the English language boy band Ane Direction secured a volume and movie deal with renamed characters in 2014.^{[xviii] [xix]} The movie Afterward was released on Apr 12, 2019.

On May 22, 2013, the online retailer Amazon.com established a new publishing service, Kindle Worlds. This service enabled fan fiction stories of certain licensed media properties to be sold in the Kindle Store with terms including 35% of net sales for works of ten,000 words or more than and 20% for short fiction ranging from five,000 to x,000 words. All the same, this system includes restrictions on content, copyright violations, poor document formatting, and employ of misleading titles.^[20] Amazon shut downwardly Kindle Worlds in Baronial 2018.^[21]

Japanese dōjinshi [edit]

A similar trend in Nippon also began appearing around the 1960s and 1970s, where independently published manga and novels, known as dōjinshi, are frequently published by dōjin circles; many of these dōjinshi are based on existing manga, anime, and video game franchises. Manga authors like Shotaro Ishinomori and Fujiko Fujio formed dōjin groups such as Fujio's New Manga Party ( 新漫画党 , Shin Manga-tō ). At this time, dōjin groups were used by artists to brand a professional person debut. This inverse in the coming decades with dōjin groups forming as school clubs and the like. This culminated in 1975 with the Comiket in Tokyo.

Demographics [edit]

In a study done in 2010, it was establish that 75.2% of account holders on FanFiction.Net allowed for the website to disclose their location. It was institute that 57% of accounts originated from the Usa, followed by nine.2% created in the United Kingdom, 5.half dozen% in Canada and 4% in Commonwealth of australia.^[22]

More recently, a 2020 study of Archive Of Our Ain users^[23] found that of the surveyed profiles which stated a nationality, 59.seven% were located in North America, 16.ane% were in Slap-up Britain with an additional 10% otherwise located in Mainland Europe, 6.3% were in Oceania, 2.eight% were Scandinavian, ii.2% were in Asia, 1.eight% were in Southward America and the Caribbean area, and 0.ii% were in the Middle Due east. This report did not include profiles written in Chinese, Greek, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Russian, or Turkish, which may affect these demographics.^[23]

Sex and gender [edit]

A 2020 study looking at Harry Potter fan fiction writers on AO3 found that of users who disclose their gender in their profiles, 50.4% are female or femme-leaning and xiii.4% are masculine or masc-leaning. 11% of users disembalm that they are transgender, and over 21% are nonbinary, genderfluid, and/or genderqueer, with an additional iii.9% indicating that they are agender or genderless.^[23]

Historic period [edit]

Overwhelmingly, fan fiction writers appear to exist in their early- to mid-20s. Demographics have been assessed as existence 56.7% university students and other young adults, while 21.3% annals every bit existence 30 years and older. 0.2% specify that they are of retirement age; teenagers make up the remaining 19.8%.^[23]

Categories and terms [edit]

Genres [edit]

In add-on to the "regular" list of genres, at that place are a few genres which are particularly associated with fan fiction. These genres can overlap and include:

Malaise [edit]

A story with an malaise-ridden mood centered on a character/characters who are brooding, sorrowful, or in anguish.

Culling universe (AU) [edit]

"What if" fan fiction featuring characters fix in a universe other than their approved one.^[24] There are multiple types of culling universe settings: an alternative universe may make dramatic alterations to the setting (for case, a "Fantasy AU" that places characters from a not-fantasy canon into a world of magic); it may alter characterization (often referred to simply as someone being "Out of Character" (OOC) rather than an AU proper); or it may change major plot events to suit the author's purposes (see, for example, "Ready-It Fic").^[25]

Crossover [edit]

Works featuring characters, items, and/or ready pieces from multiple fandoms. This is too called "Fusion Fic" if the ii worlds are merged into i.

Soulmate AU [edit]

The soulmate AU is a popular genre that envisions characters in a globe, often very like to canon, where soulmates are demonstrably real. Common mechanics for soulmates include each person having the proper name of their soulmate written on their skin at birth, or a specific change that occurs when two soulmates run into or touch on each other for the first fourth dimension. The about common trope in this genre is one character being convinced they don't take/want/deserve a soulmate, only to be proven incorrect as they fall in love over the course of the fic.^[26]

Time travel AU [edit]

A story in which one of the characters is sent back in time to go a second chance with knowledge of the original plot. This is likewise called the "Peggy Sue", subsequently the movie Peggy Sue Got Married, in which this happens to the titular graphic symbol. This term may have fallen into decay due to its similarity to "Mary Sue".

"Groundhog Day," named after the film, is a variation of this trope in which time travel happens repeatedly; typically until the time-traveling character "gets it right."

Darkfic [edit]

Stories that are considerably more grim or depressing than the original, often in deliberate contrast to the approved work(s). Not all stories tagged as "dark" count as darkfic. This is sometimes washed with fandoms that are meant to be calorie-free-hearted or for children.^[27] Darkfic can also refer to content that is "intentionally disturbing" (i.e. physical/emotional violence or corruption).

Fix-it fic [edit]

Fix-it fic refers to stories which rewrite canonical events that the fan fiction author disliked or otherwise wished to "fix". This may refer to an authorial misstep- i.e. "fixing" major plot holes- or to a tragic event or ending (for instance, "anybody lives" alternating universes). Fix-it fic that focuses on correcting flaws in the original work is also chosen "rebuild fic", named for the Rebuild of Evangelion series; if it focuses heavily on critical thinking skills and deductive reasoning, it tin can exist considered a "rationalist rewrite", equally popularized by Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality.

Fluff [edit]

"Feel good" fan fiction designed to be emphatically happy and uplifting. The plot is often less relevant in these works, equally the main focus is to be cheerful. Another term for this genre is WAFF, short for "warm and fuzzy feelings."^[28]

Hurt/condolement [edit]

A story in which a grapheme is put through a traumatizing experience in order to be comforted.^[29] The climax of these stories is typically when one character witnesses another character's suffering and alleviates it; yet, a variation that prioritizes focus on the character's suffering (their "hurt"), sometimes to the exclusion of "comfort", is referred to equally "whump".^[30] Excessive whump may also be considered darkfic.^[31]

Cocky-insert [edit]

A genre of fan fiction in which a version of the author is transported to, or discovers they are inside, the world that the fan fiction is based on. Almost always written in the first person.

Multicross self-insert [edit]

Instead of a unmarried fictional universe, the inserted author is taken to many in a row, and must ordinarily solve some problems or consummate some challenges in each place earlier moving on. Gaining new powers and occasionally companions from each globe is common.

Recursive | meta | fan-poesy [edit]

Occasionally, a fan fiction will obtain enough popularity to inspire readers to write fan fiction based on that fic. On the Archive Of Our Own, this kind of recursive fan fiction is called a "remix".^[32]

Songfic [edit]

Songfic, also known as song fic or song-fic, is a genre of fan fiction that features a fictional work interspersed with the lyrics of a relevant song.^{[33] [34]} The term is a combination of "song" and "fiction"; as such, one might likewise see the genre referred to every bit "songfiction". As many lyrics are under copyright, whether songfics are a violation of that copyright law is a subject of debate. Some fan fiction websites, such as FanFiction.Cyberspace, have barred authors from posting songfics with lyrics outside the public domain.^[35]

In an essay in Music, Audio, and Silence in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Academy of Sydney professor Catherine Driscoll commented that the genre was "one of the to the lowest degree distinguished modes of fan production" and that "within fan fiction excessive attachment to or foregrounding of popular music is itself dismissed as immature and derivative".^[36]

Vent [edit]

Vent fic refers to literature written by an author under duress or for therapeutic purposes, usually to calm themselves following a stressful or upsetting situation.

Terminology [edit]

[edit]

An abbreviation of "writer's notation". Author's notes can be written at whatsoever signal during a fan fiction (in some cases interrupting the flow of the piece by appearing within the body of a fan fiction), but are typically found directly before the beginning of a fan fiction or later on information technology has concluded, and also at the starts or ends of chapters if the story is updated periodically. A/Ns are used to convey direct messages from the writer to the reader regarding the piece.^[37] This term has fallen somewhat out of use.

Canon [edit]

Canon is the original story. This means annihilation related to the original source including the plot, settings, and character developments.^[37]

Disclaimer [edit]

Disclaimers are author's notes typically informing readers about who deserves credit for the original source textile,^[38] and oft containing pseudo-legal language disavowing whatever intent of copyright infringement or alluding to fair use. Such "disclaimers" are legally ineffective and based on misunderstandings of copyright law, particularly confusion betwixt illegal copyright infringement and unethical plagiarism.^[39] Disclaimers have fallen out of utilise since the Annal of Our Ain rose in popularity.

Drabble [edit]

A form of wink fiction writing also pop exterior of fan fiction, a drabble is typically a slice of writing that is only 100 words.^[40]

Fandom [edit]

A fandom is a group of fans of a particular work of fiction (e.g. novel, moving picture, goggle box prove or video game). Members of a fandom are typically interested in fifty-fifty minor details of the plot/characters of their fandom and often spend a meaning portion of their time and free energy involved with their involvement, that is why well-nigh fan fictions are written by members of a particular fandom(south).

Fangirl/fanboy [edit]

An individual who is an extremely enthusiastic member of i or more fandoms. Furthermore, the term fangirling/fanboying refers to a moment where a person gets excited about a fandom.

Fanon [edit]

Fanon (portmanteau of fan and catechism) is an "unofficial canon" idea that is widely accustomed to be true among fans, but is neither confirmed nor officially endorsed past the original writer or source creator, preventing information technology from being labeled every bit canon. Fanon may refer to a whole interpretation of the original piece of work or particular details within it.

Headcanon (HC) [edit]

Headcanon is a fan's personal interpretation of canon, such as the backstory of a graphic symbol or the nature of relationships between characters. It may correspond a teasing out of subtext present in the canon, but it cannot directly contradict canon. If many other fans share this interpretation, it may get fanon.

Mary Sue [edit]

Too of note is the concept of the "Mary Sue" (occasionally "MS"), a term credited as originating in Star Trek fan fiction that has crossed over to the mainstream, at least among editors and writers. In early Trek fan fiction, a common plot was that of a minor fellow member of the USS Enterprise 's coiffure saving the life of Captain Kirk or Mister Spock, often being rewarded with a sexual human relationship equally a result. The term "Mary Sue", originating in a parody of stories in this wish fulfillment genre, thus tends to refer to an arcadian or overpowered character lacking flaws, often taken to represent the author.^[41]

1 truthful pairing (OTP) [edit]

An abridgement of the term "one true pairing", where the writer or reader ships (wishes for a romantic relationship between) certain characters from a fandom. Additionally, OTPs are also subsetted as OT3s, which reference the reader'south 1 truthful bonding with iii people; this number can exist changed to refer to a larger bonding of people.

1 shot [edit]

A single piece of writing, every bit opposed to a multichapter work, that can be of any length. May also have sequel works, while still being a one shot.^[42]

Real person fiction (RPF) [edit]

Fan fiction works that tell stories about real people, unremarkably celebrities, instead of fictional characters. The book Afterwards by Anna Todd, later on adapted into a film of the same name, was originally a existent person fan fiction about One Direction fellow member Harry Styles.

Shipping [edit]

Shipping is a variant of romance focused on exploring a relationship betwixt ii or more than characters from the original fandom(southward). It has several fandom-specific subgenres, chief among which are slash (which focuses on homosexual pairings, usually of the male diverseness) and femslash (same every bit slash, but exclusively female/female person). In another context, the term "aircraft" within the community may mean that a fan is heavily invested in a human relationship between two characters. Writers of fan fiction frequently use the genre to explore homosexual pairings for popular characters who are not in (or not specified as beingness in; encounter queerbaiting) homosexual relationships in the canon work.^[43] A subcategory of this, depicting romantic couples in mundane domestic situations (such as picking out curtains), was previously called "curtainfic", though the term has fallen somewhat out of use.

Smut [edit]

Smut, also called porn and (rarely) erotica, is sexually explicit or pornographic fan fiction. This could refer to either a small portion of a story or the story in its entirety. Historically, the terms "lemon" (i.e. explicit pornography) and "lime" (i.eastward. sexually suggestive works) were euphemisms used to allude to explicit cloth. These terms were in mutual utilise in the 2000s, and fell into disuse before resurging in December 2018 due to Tumblr's censorship on adult content. The use of the terms lemon and lime allow writers to circumnavigate the "explicit terminologies" that may get work flagged by platforms like Tumblr, while still tagging their work every bit explicit for their readers.

Trigger alarm (TW) [edit]

Trigger warnings are intended to warn people of content in fan fiction that could be harmful or "triggering" to those who have dealt with traumatic situations. Fan fiction is often tagged using diverse TWs so that readers may prepare for or avoid certain content. Sometimes CW, an abbreviation of "content warning," is used, either instead of or in addition to a TW.

Trigger warnings are commonly inserted when the subject matter of a piece of work deals with things problems like drug abuse, mental illness, corruption, or extreme violence. Archive of Our Own has notably codified a system of common warnings into its cadre tags,^[44] requiring authors to either disembalm or explicitly choose not to disclose if their work contains graphic violence, major character death, rape, or underage sexual practice.

Interactivity in the online era [edit]

Reviews can be given by both anonymous and registered users of most sites, and sites are often programmed to notify the author of new feedback, making them a common fashion for readers and authors online to communicate directly.^[45] This system is intended for a type of bail between the reader and the writer, likewise equally helping the author meliorate their writing skills through constructive criticism, enabling them to produce a amend work next time.^{[46] [ unreliable source? ]} Occasionally, unmoderated review systems are abused to send flames, spam, or trolling messages. As a result, the author of the story can either disable or enable anonymous reviews, depending on their preference. Internet fan fiction allows immature writers access to a wider audience for their literary efforts than always earlier, resulting in improved literacy.^[47]

There are other ways that fandom members may participate in their fandom community such as souvenir exchanges ^[48] or fic exchanges. A gift exchange is an organized challenge in which participants create fan fiction specifically for other participants. They may research what the user receiving their gift enjoys or submissions may include a Dear Creator Letter of the alphabet ^[49] explaining exactly what the receiver wants or does not desire. Awards may even be given at the end of a gift/fic exchange to recognize particularly well-written or enjoyable contributions to the exchange.

Legality [edit]

There is ongoing debate about to what extent fan fiction is permitted under contemporary copyright police.

Some argue that fan fiction does not autumn under fair use, as it is derivative piece of work.^{[50] [51]} The 2009 ruling by Usa District Courtroom Judge Deborah A. Batts, permanently prohibiting publication in the United States of a book by Ryan Cassidy, a Swedish writer whose protagonist is a 76-year-old version of Holden Caulfield of The Catcher in the Rye, may exist seen as upholding this position regarding publishing fan fiction, equally the judge stated, "To the extent Defendants contend that 60 Years and the character of Mr. C direct parodied annotate or criticism at Catcher or Holden Caulfield, as opposed to Salinger himself, the Court finds such contentions to be post-hoc rationalizations employed through vague generalizations virtually the alleged naivety of the original, rather than reasonably perceivable parody."^[52]

Others such every bit the Organisation for Transformative Works uphold the legality of not-profit fan fiction nether the fair use doctrine, as it is a creative, transformative process.^[53]

In 1981, Lucasfilm Ltd. sent out a letter to several fanzine publishers, asserting Lucasfilm's copyright to all Star Wars characters and insisting that no fanzine publish pornography. The letter likewise alluded to possible legal activity that could be taken confronting fanzines that did not comply.^[54]

The Harry Potter Lexicon is one case where the encyclopedia-like website virtually everything in the Harry Potter series moved towards publishing and commercializing the Dictionary as a supplementary and complementary source of data to the series. Rowling and her publishers levied a lawsuit confronting the website creator, Steven Vander Ark, and the publishing company, RDR Books, for a alienation of copyright. While the lawsuit did conclude in Vander Ark's favor, the primary outcome in contention was the majority of the Lexicon copied a majority of the Series' material and does not transform plenty of the material to be held separately from the series itself.^[55]

While the HP Lexicon case is an example of Western culture treatment of fan fiction and copyright law, in China, Harry Potter fan fiction is less addressed in legal conflicts but is used every bit a cultural and educational tool between Western and Chinese cultures. More specifically, while there are a number of "fake" Harry Potter books in China, most of these books are said to exist addressing concepts and bug found in Chinese civilisation. This transformative usage of Harry Potter in fan fiction is allegedly from the desire to enhance and limited value to Chinese tradition and culture.^[56]

Some prominent authors have given their blessings to fan fiction, notably J.Chiliad. Rowling. Past 2014, there were already almost 750,000 Harry Potter fan stories on the web, ranging from short stories to novel-length tomes.^[57] Rowling said she was "flattered" that people wanted to write their own stories based on her fictional characters.^[58] Similarly, Stephenie Meyer has put links on her website to fan fiction sites about her characters from the Twilight series.^[59] The L Shades trilogy was developed from a Twilight fan fiction originally titled Master of the Universe and published episodically on fan-fiction websites under the pen proper name "Snowqueen's Icedragon". The piece featured characters named afterwards Stephenie Meyer'due south characters in Twilight, Edward Cullen and Bella Swan.^{[60] [61]}

However, in 2003, a British law business firm representing J.G. Rowling and Warner Bros. sent a letter of the alphabet to webmasters requesting that developed Harry Potter fan fiction ("stories containing graphically tearing and sexual content") be removed from a prominent fan fiction website, citing concerns that children might stumble upon the illicit content. In response, the webmasters from several websites hosting adult Harry Potter fan fiction, among other types of fan fiction, "made claims of 'fair use' and nonprofessional status" to justify their correct to go along hosting the developed content.^[62]

As an example of changing views on the field of study, author Orson Scott Card (best known for the Ender'due south Game serial) once stated on his website, "to write fiction using my characters is morally identical to moving into my house without invitation and throwing out my family." He inverse his listen completely and since has assisted fan fiction contests, arguing to the Wall Street Journal that "Every piece of fan fiction is an advertisement for my volume. What kind of idiot would I be to want that to disappear?"^[63]

Even so, Anne Rice has consistently and aggressively prevented fan fiction based on any of her fictional characters (mostly those from her famous Interview with the Vampire and its sequels in The Vampire Chronicles). She, forth with Anne McCaffrey (whose stance has been inverse past her son, Todd McCaffrey, since her death) and Raymond Feist, accept asked to have whatsoever fiction related to their series removed from FanFiction.Internet.^[58] George R.R. Martin is too strongly opposed to fan fiction, assertive it to be copyright infringement and a bad exercise for aspiring writers.^{[64] [65]} Sharon Lee and Steve Miller, creators of the Liaden universe, strongly oppose fan fiction written in their universe, with Lee saying that "Nobody else is going to go information technology correct. This may sound rude and elitist, but honestly, it's not easy for us to become information technology right sometimes, and we've been living with these characters ... for a very long fourth dimension."^[66]

See likewise [edit]

• Canon (fiction)
• Collaborative fiction
• Virtual season
• Fandom
• Parallel novel
• Pastiche
• Revisionism (fictional)

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Further reading [edit]

• Black, R. (2008). Adolescents and Online Fan Fiction. New York: Peter Lang.
• Coppa, Francesca (2017). The Fanfiction Reader: Folk Tales for the Digital Age. University of Michigan Press.
• Jamison, Anne (2013). Fic: Why Fan Fiction is Taking Over the World. Dallas, Tx: Smart Popular. ISBN 978-1-939529-19-0.
• Jenkins, Henry (1992). Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-90571-0.
• Larsen, Katherine & Zubernis, Lynn eds. (2012). Fan Civilisation: Theory / Practice. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
• Lawrence, Yard. F. (2007). The Web of Community Trust - Amateur Fiction Online: A Example Study in Community-Focused Design for the Semantic Web. Ph.D. thesis, University of Southampton. Retrieved August xx, 2008.
• Orr, David (October three, 2004). "Where to Find Digital Lit". The New York Times.
• Pugh, Sheenagh (2005). The Democratic Genre: Fan Fiction in a Literary Context. Bridgend, Wales: Seren. ISBN 1-85411-399-2.
• Grossman, Lev (July 7, 2011). "The Male child Who Lived Forever". Time.
• Hellekson, Karen & Busse, Kristina, eds. (2014). The Fan Fiction Studies Reader. Iowa City: The Academy of Iowa Press.
• ————— ( 2006). Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet: New Essays. Jefferson, N Carolina: McFarland & Co., ISBN 0-7864-2640-3.
• Lipton, Shana Ting (February 13, 2015). "How Fifty Shades Is Dominating the Literary Scene". Vanity Fair.

External links [edit]

• Media related to Fan fiction at Wikimedia Eatables
• "Quentin Tarantino'southward Star Wars?: Digital Picture palace, Media Convergence, and Participatory Civilization"—Henry Jenkins on fan fiction

winiterschneider.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_fiction